Zhou XiaoGang; Chen QingHua; Zhang Hui; Zheng YongSheng; Gao Han; Deng XianCai; Jiang XiaoMing; Liu Xu, 2008. [4], Some Alternanthera are used as ornamental plants. Alien invasive species in Sri Lanka. philoxeroides has been the subject of successful biological control in the USA, Australia, New Zealand and Thailand. Chromosome numbers of Shanghai plants I. Investigatio et Studium Naturae, 12:48-65. A. philoxeroides is native to South America, principally the Parana River region (Julien et al., 1995), from Guyana to Brazil and northern Argentina (USDA-ARS, 2016). Lal C, Sah M, 1990. (2014) report control of early invasion stages of A. philoxeroides in Australia using glyphosate or metsulfuron-methyl, followed by physical removal after initial treatment. Flora of Panama (WFO), Tropicos website. Invasion of alligator weed (, Bassett I; Paynter Q; Hankin R; Beggs JR, 2012. Alternanthera denticulata and Alternanthera nana) can be easily distinguished from terrestrial A. philoxeroides plants by the fact that their whitish flower clusters are stalkless. All naturalized sites associated with water were treated with glyphosate at three 2 monthly intervals (Gunasekera and Bonila, 2001). xlix + 391 pp. philoxeroides prefers to grow at temperatures around 30°C, and growth is suppressed at temperatures below 7°C. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. It has been observed growing in water with pH ranging from 4.8 and 7.7 and it is fairly salt tolerant and can survive in upper tidal beaches and other saline conditions (10-30% that of sea water). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The beetle is, however, collected annually in St. Johns River in Florida to ship to areas of the country where the biocontrol agent does not overwinter and A. philoxeroides persists. On land, it invades and competes with pastures and this provides a source of further spread. In New Zealand, A. philoxeroides is included in the National Pest Plant Accord list, which bans the sale, propagation and distribution of the plant throughout New Zealand. Griseb. Gunasekera L, 1999. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition. glasshouse production), Managed forests, plantations and orchards, Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])), As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer, < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]), Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate, < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]), Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer, Warm average temp. It was also found in backyard gardens of some Asian community groups in Australia who grew it as a leafy vegetable by mistake. In: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin, 46 (1) 8-13. https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/plants/ALRPO_ds.pdf, Pangtey Y P S, Tewari L M, Kanchan Upreti, 2012. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(3):1450-1457. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b05577, Liu YuFang; Su WenJie; Zeng QiangGuo; Li Fei; Peng MeiFang; Peng JiaXing; Liu WenHai; Wan FangHao, 2011. Roots are short and filamentous in water, rising mainly from the nodes. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. A. philoxeroides is superficially quite similar to A. sessilis, but the latter is only an annual species and the clusters of flowers are sessile in the leaf axils, not on peduncles. Aquatic Botany, 85(2):155-158. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043770. Flowers perfect, bracts and bracteoles subequal, ovate, acuminate, 1-2 mm. However, it can also be found in riparian habitats free-floating in dense mats on the water surface. Alternanthera philoxeroides alligator weed This plant and the related entity italicized and indented above can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. A pyralid moth Herpetogramma basalis (Walker) Host Range of Herpetogramma basalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a Biological Control Agent for the Invasive Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Centrospermae: Amaranthaceae) in China The aquatic form of the plant has the potential to become a serious threat to waterways, agricultural lands and the natural environment. The PLANTS Database. [4], It is not yet clear how many species belong in the genus. 153 (11/12), 694-696. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=jph DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.01039.x. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 391 pp. Genetic diversity of alligator weed ecotypes is not the reason for their different responses to biological control. Plantas daninhas de Brasil, terrestres, aquaticas, parasitas, toxicas e medicinais. DAISIE, 2016. The alligator weed battle in Victoria, Proceedings of 12th Australian Weeds Conference, Hobart, Australia, September 12 to 16, 1999. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. by Pallewatta N, Reaser J, Gutierrez A]. Prospects for the biological control of some major aquatic weeds in South East Asia. OEPP/EPPO, 2016. (Amaranthaceae), a new species for the exotic flora of Italy. USDA-ARS, 2016. A. sessilis is a leafy vegetable and that is popular in Sri Lankan diet. Senegal tea has serrated and wavy https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=227. rubra), però la majoria són terrestres i tenen estolons. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. broad (Flora of Panama, 2016). – rabbit-meat, sessile joyweed Alternanthera tenella Colla Alternanthera versicolor R.Br. Prospects for the biological control of some major aquatic weeds in South East Asia. De meeste soorten komen voor in tropisch Amerika, andere soorten in Azië, Afrika en Australië. www.europe-aliens.org/default.do. [2] Argentina alone, hosts around 27 species that fall within the range of the genus Alternanthera. Better planning for better weed management. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Although it is grazed by cattle in Australia, it is not considered desirable in pastures (Julien and Chan, 1992) and is a declared noxious weed in all mainland states and territories (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 1992) as well as a weed of national significance in Australia (Thorpe, 1999).A. 1547:[6 +] 98 pp. Aquatic plant management in Australia (not necessarily weed control!). Zhang et al. Griseb. Coulson JR, 1977. Flora of China. In Sri Lanka A. philoxeroides was identified in 1998 and by 2004 it reached provinces at elevations > 2500 m (Jayasinghe, 2008). Khanna K K, 2009. montevidensis) often form similar dense mats of vegetation out over the water surface, but can be distinguished by their alternately arranged leaves, larger four-petalled flowers (about 25 mm across) and elongated fruit (Weeds of Australia, 2016). Invasion of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in Wular Lake, Kashmir, India. Guo X, Zhou X, 2005. philoxeroides grows as an emerged, aquatic plant, rooted in the soil or in the substrate below shallow water. Zeiger CF, 1967. Initially this species was confined to the southwest of France between the middle of the Gironde Estuary and the middle course of the River Garonne. When growing on land it also grows forming a dense mat of vegetation with a mass of creeping underground stems and is capable of out-competing all but the most robust plant species. Langeland KA; Cherry HM; McCormick CM; Craddock Burks KA, 2008. In New Zealand it is also noted to be harmful to native biodiversity and it is replacing most other herbaceous species on water and dry land. may be confused with A. philoxeroides due to a similar growth habit (Flanagan, 1991; Julien and Broadbent, 1980). [ed. Characterising alligator weed (, Cao YuSong; Wang Ting; Xiao Yi'an; Zhou Bing, 2014. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 33:55-60. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) [4] The most important species is alligator weed (A. philoxeroides), a South American aquatic plant that has spread to other continents. When growing in terrestrial conditions, this species can survive without any water for several months (Gunasekera and Adair, 2000).Environmental RequirementsA. Rojas-Sandoval J, Acevedo-Rodríguez P, 2015. Acta Oecologica, 59:46-51. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1146609X, Liu DaSheng; Wang Rui; Gordon DR; Sun XiHua; Chen Lu; Wang YanWen, 2017. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised), 384 pp. Sequential loss of genetic variation in flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following introduction into China. The family Amaranthaceae includes 174 genera and about 2500 species distributed worldwide especially in warm and dry temperate areas, the subtropics and saline habitats (Stevens, 2012). A. philoxeroides is a perennial herb which grows as an emerged, aquatic plant, rooted in the soil or in the substrate below shallow water. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. The native Australian joyweeds (e.g. 2013 Dec 26;8(12):e83619. Buy alternanthera seeds from Harris Seeds today. Mycosystema. and its possible utility as a fodder in India. However, the species can tolerate mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 to 20°C (OEPP/EPPO, 2016). Cardinalis Origen: Sudamérica Distribución: Zona media o delantera. Degradations of sexual characters for loss of sexuality commonly take place in clonal plants; such is the case of A. philoxeroides populations spreading mainly by vegetative (clonal) propagules (Zhu et al., 2015).Physiology and PhenologyA. Alternanthera philoxeroides and the native Alternanthera sessilis. 425 pp. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 32(4):436-440. 21 (2), 185-187. Use of herbicides to control A. philoxeroides was reviewed by Dugdale and Champion (2012). The evolutionary history of an invasive species: alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides. Alternanthera philoxeroides., Gainesville, FL, USA: USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Bassett I; Paynter Q; Hankin R; Beggs JR, 2012. Biological Forum. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Alternanthera philoxeroides was substantially more abundant in the southeastern U.S. four decades ago than it is now. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) The ability of A. philoxeroides to absorb heavy metals is a problem in countries such as Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Australia, and Philippines where it is used as food (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 1992). In: Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 33 55-60. Julien MH, Skarratt B, Maywald GF, 1995. philoxeroides has been intentionally introduced by humans to be used as an aquarium plant and ornamental aquatic plant (USDA-ARS, 2016). Chong K Y, Tan H T W, Corlett R T, 2009. It can tolerate cold winters, but cannot survive prolonged freezing temperatures (Langeland et al., 2008). It is a widespread genus with most species occurring in the tropical Americas,[1][2] and others in Asia, Africa, and Australia. 7-20. The native Alternanthera species are smaller, with the flowers lacking stalks and located at the base of paired leaves whereas the stalk (peduncle) on A. philoxeroides can be up to 9 cm long. Tout savoir sur alternanthera sessilis var. [3] Several species are notorious noxious weeds. Webbia. A. philoxeroides versus native plants or the defense mechanisms of A. philoxeroides and native plants against these generalists. Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society. The distribution and importance of arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture and forestry plantations in southern China. An infestation in Canberra's Lake Ginninderra was also found and eradicated (Julien et al., 1995).Control. 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