As flores foram observadas quanto ao horário de abertura, tempo de vida e receptividade de estigma, e aplicaram-se os seguintes tratamentos de polinização: polinização livre, cruzada manual, autopolinização manual, restrita com saco de filó e restrita com saco de papel. The free pollination set significantly more fruits at five days, followed by hand pollination, pollination restricted with tulle, hand crosspollination and restricted with paper (Table 2). %%EOF ... 1Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, ... sions of the floral gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and [ Links ], BELTRÃO, N. E. M.; VIEIRA, D. J. O agronegócio do gergelim no Brasil. STUDY OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE ORGANS, FLORAL MERISTEM AND POLLEN DEVELOPMENT IN SESAME Mina Kazemian Ruhi1*, Ahmad Majd1 and Parisa Jonoubi1 1Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Correspondent author: Mina KazemianRuhi, +989357875061, Mina.kazemian69@gmail.com Flowers are the reproductive part of a plant. It is concluded that sesame crop is able to autopollinate and benefit from both self-pollination and cross-pollination. Abstract. [ Links ], FREE, J. [ Links ], ELLEUCH, M.; BESBES, S.; ROISEUX, O.; BLECKER, C.; ATTIA, H. Quality characteristics of sesame seeds and by-products. Floral Biology and pollination requirements of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)/Biologia floral e exigencias de polinizacao do gergelim (Sesamum indicum L) The significantly higher (p < 0.05) fruit yield as a function of the cross-pollination in relation to selfpollination contradicts Weiss (1983), who stated that sesame is a predominantly autogamous species, which could only and possibly present allogamy above 10%. When the corolla of the flower falls, the style remains in the flower until the end of the day, falling in late afternoon, including in those that were hand pollinated and later generated fruits. 2013. These characteristics of floral biology refer to varieties cultivated especially in warm weather environments, but there is evidence that varieties adapted to tropical conditions behave differently. Its cultivation has great economic potential, because of great demand, both nationally and internationally. (Ed.). Sesame is called the queen of oilseed crops by virtue of oil it produces. Issues in new crops and new uses. [ Links ], NAMIKI, M. Nutraceutical functions of sesame: a review. Unlike other varieties of sesame which have one or two flowers per leaf axil, the CNPA G2 variety has three flowers. [ Links ], MAHFOUZ, H. M.; KAMEL, S. M.; BELAL, A. H.; SAID, H. Pollinators visiting sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed crop whit reference to foraging activity of some be especies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, v. 7, n. 47, p. 651-673, 2007. Although the variables weight of seeds per fruit and number of seeds per fruit presented statistical difference, they were relatively similar for all treatments. Despite showing the lowest rate of fruit set and differ significantly (p <0.05) from all other treatments, the pollination restricted with paper set fruits suggesting that sesame accomplish autopollination. As a result, the market for sesame seeds is expected to flourish in the coming years. Taximetric methods, including factor, cluster, discriminant, and principal components analyses, established patterns of similarities and were used to generate groupings among the taxa. The aspects of floral biology like stages of flower bud development, season and duration of flowering, fruiting habit, floral morphology, sex ratio, anthesis, anther dehiscence, - T5: Hand cross-pollination - This type of pollination was conducted in 176 flowers by following the previous method, differing only in the origin of the pollen donor flower, which in this case were flowers of another plant. For this, we used the software SAS, FREQ procedure, because the data had binomial character (fruit set = 1 X fruit not set = 0), thus not meeting the assumptions for analysis of variance. The ovary is surrounded by the base of the hypanthium. The flowers are complete, gamopetalous, zygomorphic and with a short stalk. [ Links ] Journal of Apicultural Research, v. 52, n. 4, p. 1-28, 2013. It was the "password" to great treasures in the story of Ali Baba & the 40 Thieves. This study aimed to investigate the floral biology and pollination requirements of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), cultivar CNPA G2. Next, the pollinated flower was bagged again, aiming to isolate it, and properly tagged. For the stigma receptivity test, we used the direct method of cross-pollination of flowers throughout the day, since according to Kearns and Inouye (1993) it represents the actual capacity of the flower to be fertilized at that time. In this treatment we sought to estimate the effect of wind on pollination in sesame, bagging 174 buds. Pollinations restricted with paper and tulle bags produced fruit with greater number of heavier seeds. Yermanos (1980) further argues that the temperature between 24 and 27ºC is optimal for flowering of sesame and that under these conditions, the pollen remains viable for 24 hours. Flowers exhibit a wide variety of shapes and colors, and sometimes have abnormal phenotypes (Meyer, 1966), including phyllody (replacement of floral organs by leaf-like structures) and double flowers (flowers with extra petals or petal-like structures). [ Links ], ASHIRI, A. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). This variation in floral biology was probably due to different environmental conditions observed by these different authors in different locations and/or the variety studied is formed from crossing different varieties, producing a cultivar with high genetic variability. The National Agricultural Library is one of four national libraries of the United States, with locations in Beltsville, Maryland and Washington, D.C. They are a rich source of nectar. Leaves are sessile & also petiolate ,opposite towards bottom & alternate above, carry oil glands on the dorsal surface. [ Links ], BLAL, A. E. H.; KAMEL, S. M.; MAHFOUZ, H. M.; SAID, M. Impact of opened, non opened pollination and nitrogen fertilizer on sesame production in the reclaimed lands, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Seeds handbook: biology, production, processing, and storage. [ Links ], FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012. (Ed.). The coloss beebook, volume I: standard methods for Apis mellifera research. The study was carried out at Barbalha, State of Ceará, and consisted of two phases: floral biology and pollination requirements. -T2: Pollination restricted with paper bag - 144 flower buds were monitored for the occurrence of autopollination in sesame. The tip of the ovary, bearing from 1-5 … At that point, all four anthers opened up longitudinally and released pollen grains and the two lobes of the stigma opened in Y, coming into contact with the anthers and receiving a large amount of pollen on the inner surface. Complete; Incomplete. Data related to the requirement for pollination in sesame, i.e., fruit set depending on the type of pollination were analyzed using the nonparametric chi-square test (ZAR, 1984). Then there was a drop at 9h, which was even more pronounced at 10h, although these two times were not significantly different to each other. This becomes especially clear in species from harsh habitats with few biotic pollinators (FREE, 1993; FREITAS; PAXTON, 1998; HOLANDA-NETO et al., 2002). %PDF-1.5 %���� Hybridization of crop plants. Flowers are able to autopollinate and do not depend on external agents. A. Received on September 7, 2013. Oilseed crops. Sesame seed paste (tahini) is used in both Middle Eastern & Chinese cuisines. The tubular corolla is white, with a lobe upwards and the other downwards. The observations concerning floral morphology, color of petals, stamen number and anther characteristics were performed on 30 randomly tagged flowers, while flower buds were monitored every hour from the time of anthesis until they fall from the plant. B., Conner ... floral nectary, extrareproductive nectary on stipule and trichomes. Anthesis occurs early in the morning when the stigma becomes receptive and senescence can occur six to 12 hours later, depending on the variety and environmental conditions (FREE, 1993). [ Links ]. The androceum is didynamous with four stamens, in pairs, one lower than the other, epipetalous, fused at the base of the upper lip of the corolla tube, and anthers with rimosa or longitudinal dehiscence. h�bbd``b`�$�� �Q$�s��{����X V��Ċv'���d �/$N � !�H�5��b`bd�2���~��k� *�X [ Links ], KEARNS, C. A.; INOUYE, D. W. Techniques for pollination biologists. Before hand-pollination, the flowers were emasculated with the aid of fine tweezers, while their stamens were not releasing pollen. [ Links ], ROUBIK, D. W. Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. At the end of December, the flowering decreased, ceasing completely in January. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Nevertheless, sesame seems to have evolved to favor self-pollination, but also developed mechanisms to attract biotic pollinators, such as differently flower, showy color, odor and nectar secretion, in order to promote some percentage of cross-pollination (FAEGRI; VAN DER PIJL, 1979). Unlike other varieties of sesame which have one or two flowers per leaf axil, the CNPA G2 variety has three flowers. Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum Linnaeus) is an important oilseed crop grown since the beginning India ranks first in area, production and export of sesame in the world. Tips for making silky hummus. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan S.A., 2007. [ Links ], CONSOLARO, H.; SILVA, E. B.; OLIVEIRA, P. E. Variação floral e biologia reprodutiva de Manettia cordifolia Mart. Around 12h, the stigma had become dry and withered, lobes were closed again. Biology Article. [ Links ], FREITAS, B. M.; PAXTON, R. J. 0 3rd ed. Flower. [ Links ], RAVEN, P. H.; EVERT R, F.; EICHHORN, S. E. Biologia Vegetal. Fortaleza: Imprensa Universitária do Ceará, 1969. v. 1, p. 153-162. Wings are yellow at the base and orrange apically two brick red, keel coloureless to faintly yellow. Probably, these variations are due to factors related to the differences in sesame cultivars, temperature, and/or relative humidity and luminosity at different hours of the day, among the sites studied. The number of fruit set, five days after anthesis of flowers, and harvested showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments of pollination in Barbalha, State of Ceará (Table 2). Two hours before anthesis, the four filaments of stamens elongated rapidly, so that at the time of anthesis (6:30 to 7h), anthers of longer stamens reached the stigma height, while those of shorter stamens were positioned just below the stigma. [ Links ], VAISSIÈRE, B. E.; FREITAS, B. M.; GEMMILL-HERREN, B. Protocol to detect and assess pollination deficits in crops: a handbook for its use. By ASAD AZEEM. Th e young leaves may also be eaten in stews and the dried stems may be burnt as fuel with the ash used for local soap making but such uses are entirely subordinate to seed production (Table 1). The complementary results of the analyses indicate that 8 major groups can be discerned. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, v. 45, n. 2, p. 150, 2012. A comparison of two pollinators: the introduced honey bee (Apis mellifera) and a indigenous bee (Centris tarsata) on cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in its native range of NE Brazil. After 10:00 am, it was observed a marked decrease in the number of pollen grains available in anthers and, at 11 hours, it was no longer verified pollen in anthers of flowers. The results of fruits harvested show that sesame is a plant with mixed pollination, which produce fruit by both autogamy (auto and self-pollination) and crossbreeding (cross-pollination), like most higher plants (DELAPLANE et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the stage of sesame flower senescence was characterized by wilting of the petals, which started from 12h, followed by the almost immediate fall of the corolla. Under the conditions of the Brazilian Northeast, the flower of sesame presents lifespan of 4 hours, and pollination must occur between 7 and 11 hours to ensure a greater fruit set. 2nd ed. , there is no floral biology of sesame on the stigma sesame has zygomorphic flowers pendulous! 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