In 1963, archaeologists discovered that this place was the site of the largest known city of the so-called Indus Valley civilization, much larger and ancient than Harappa and Mohenjodaro sites. Rakhigarhi reserach project finds that a genome from the Indus Valley Civilization is from a population that is the largest source for South Asians. [5] As of 2020, the detailed site studies have placed total area of contiguous site more than 350-hectare, which entails 11 archaeological mounds. According to Jane McIntosh, Rakhigarhi is located in the valley of the prehistoric Drishadvati … This distribution also seem to map closely the current distribution of languages groups known as the Indo-European group of languages. It is the site of a pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement going back to about 6500 BCE. In south Asia, the current genetic distribution in the population shows a higher prevalence of the steppes ancestry in the male Brahmin population in North India. [16][17], According to the Global Heritage Fund Rakhigarhi is one of the largest and oldest Indus sites in the world. {\displaystyle 4470\pm 110} ", https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-to-be-developed-as-iconic-site-34808/, Haryana Samvad Newsletter: Detailed report on Rakhigarhi with color photographs, page 1-15, "Harappa's greatest centre sheds light on our today", Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation, Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation, Sarasvati Civilisation (Indus Valley Civilization - IVC), National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, Peacock & Chinkara Breading Centre, Jhabua, Vulture and Sparrow Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore, Ch. Among them are Kalibangan, Kunal, Haryana, Balu, Haryana, Bhirrana, and Banawali. The discovery of two more mounds in January at the Harappan site of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district, Haryana, has led to archaeologists establishing it as the biggest Harappan civilisation site. [5][6][7][1][8], The size and uniqueness of Rakhigarhi has drawn much attention of archaeologists all over the world. Map of wild rice zones since 20,000 BP (marked as P) in comparion to expansion since 9,000 BP (marked as H). There are 11 mounds in Rakhigarhi which are named RGR-1 to RGR-11, of which RGR-5 is thickly populated by establishment of Rakhishahpur village and is not available for excavations. [32], Hunting tools like copper hafts and fish hooks have been found here. Anthropological examination done on 37 skeletons revealed 17 to be of adults, 8 to be of subadults while the age of 12 skeletons could not be verified. 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar", "Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned", "Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India", "Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves", "Why Hindutva is Out of Steppe with new discoveries about the Indus Valley people", "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", "New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India", "4500-year-old DNA from Rakhigarhi reveals evidence that will unsettle Hindutva nationalists", "What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times", "DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence", "Scientists Part of Studies Supporting Aryan Migration Endorse Party Line Instead", "Where did the Indus Valley people come from? In April 2015, four 4,600-year-old complete human skeletons were excavated from mound RGR-7. Rakhigarhi as an Archaeological Site The Rakhigarhi site belongs to the mature Harappan phase, which lasted from 2600 BCE to 2000 BCE and is located in Hisar district of Haryana. Presence of various toys like mini wheels, miniature lids, sling balls, animal figurines indicates a prevalence of toy culture. (Fuller 2011) The tropical climate and wetness have favoured domestication of rice in south-east and eastern parts of India in the riverside regions from times before Indus civilization. [9] Some estimates put the potential size to be 550 hectares. An agenda-setting for indigeneity of populations, ideas and civilisational traits may be … {\displaystyle 4280\pm 320} Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu, Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana, Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana, Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education, Haryana, Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Haryana, Department of Labour & Employment, Haryana, Department of Land records & Consolidation, Haryana, Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana, Department of Elementary Education, Haryana, Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited, Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakhigarhi&oldid=1001424224, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Gurugram: (Sikanderpur, Mohammadpur Jharsa, 12 Biswa haveli in Gurgaon gaon, Mahalwala haveli in 8 Biswa of Gurgaon gaon), This page was last edited on 19 January 2021, at 16:42. [51] ASI has commenced the plan to remove encroachments from the site, including 152 houses on the R4 and R5 mounds. The site is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra River plain, some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river. [50] Due to the lack of site protection the site is being destroyed by soil erosion, encroachments, illegal sand lifting, theft of archaeological artifacts for illegal sale. In 2016, total number of mounds became 11,[5] after 2 more mounds were identified by the excavations team which mapped the site. B.C.E. A burial site has been found with 11 skeletons, with their heads in the north direction. The preliminary findings of a DNA study of the skeletal remains of Rakhigarhi dated at 6000 years BP and reported in Economic Times on 13 th June 2018 reveal that there was no trace of Central Asian ancestry. Later, it was also part of the mature Indus Valley Civilisation, dating to 2600-1900 BCE. Also, there are no evidences that they followed orders from someone. Archelogical work has been continuing here for many years. [21][22], In January 2014, the discovery of additional mounds resulted in it becoming the largest Indus Valley Civilization site, overtaking Mohenjodaro (300 hectares) by almost 50 hectares, resulting in almost 350 hectares. Near one female skeleton, a gold armlet has been found. [4][18][19][20] Furthermore, Possehl did not believe that all mounds in Rakhigarhi belong to the same Indus Valley settlement, stating, "RGR-6, a Sothi-Siswal site known as Arda, was probably a separate settlement. ; Rakhigarhi. Nath, Amarendra, Tejas Garge and Randall Law, 2014. While these burials retained many of the Harappan features, group burials and prone position burials are distinct. In 1997-98, 1998–99 and 1999-2000, ASI team began to excavated the site again, which was led by its director Dr. Amrender Nath who published his findings in scholarly journals. ± Another related excavation sites in the area are Mitathal and the smaller site Lohari Ragho, which are still awaiting excavation. It is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra river plain,[12] some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river. ± Bone remains of secondary burials were not charred hence ruling out the possibility of cremation practices. The lost city of Rakhigarhi Spread over 350 hectares, this nondescript village in Haryana is the biggest Harappan civilisation site in the world. Rakhigarhi was occupied at Early Harappan times. Other four are Harappa, … CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum, List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana, Rakhigarhi site being plundered due to lack of protection, http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/rakhigarhi-the-biggest-harappan-site/article5840414.ece, At Haryana's Harappan site of Rakhigarhi, anxiety trumps history, Defining the Economic Space of the Harappan Rakhigarhi: An Interface of the Local Subsistance Mechanism and Geological Provenience Studies, "Rivers in Ambala, Markanda River Ambala, Tangri River Ambala", "Overflowing Ghaggar, Tangri inundate some villages along Punjab-Haryana border", Harappa’s Haryana connect: Time for a museum to link civilisations, "Ancient South Asian cities in their regions", "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud", "Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000]", "Dig this! Villages, whose houses in the site will be removed, will be relocated and rehabilitated in the housing flats on another location. (2019) have carried out DNA-tests on a single skeleton. The population has no detectable ancestry from Steppe pastoralists or from Anatolian and Iranian farmers, suggesting farming in South Asia arose from local foragers rather than from large-scale migration from the West. Location of rakhigarhi (N 29° 17' 17.2284", E 76° 6' 47.34") on the map. [7], Cotton cloth traces preserved on silver or bronze objects were known from Rakhigarhi, Chanhudaro and Harappa. By 2020, 5% of the site had been excavated by the ASI and Deccan College. We know this since no big forts or templates have been found. and 110 And all the 12—11 from Gonur and Sahr-i-Shokta and one from Rakhigarhi—show strong South Asian ancient population markers, apart from that of ancient Iranian hunter gatherers. [10][6] Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, terracotta bricks, statue production, and skilled working of bronze and precious metals have been uncovered. Among them are Kalibangan, Kunal, Balu, Bhirrana, and Banawali.. Harappan site of Rakhigarhi: DNA study finds no Central Asian trace, junks Aryan invasion theory A human skeleton found at the Rakhigarhi site. Most of the burials were typical burials with skeletons in a supine position. Significant traces of lime & decomposed grass are found on the lower portion of the granary wall indicating that it can also be the storehouse of grains with lime used as insecticide & grass used to prevent entry of moisture. [10], A cemetery of Mature Harappan period is discovered at Rakhigarhi, with eight graves found. Union Budget (2020-21) has proposed to develop Rakhigarhi (Hisar district,Haryana) as an iconic site.. 4 other archaeological sites in Hastinapur (Uttar Pradesh), Shivsagar (Assam), Dholavira (Gujarat) and Adichanallur in (Tamil Nadu) will also be developed as iconic sites with onsite museums. Use of the DNA profiles of the 11 as well as the one from Rakhigarhi gives us a better understanding of the Indus Valley Civilisation population. Mr. Vasant Shinde, one of the authors of the study says, “This indicates quite clearly, through archeological data, that the Vedic era that followed was a fully … Signs of flourishing trade can be seen by the excavation of stamps, jewelry and 'chert' weights. B.C.E. A map of Steppe migrations, from the paper in ‘Science’. In addition semi precious stones have been found lying near the head, suggesting that they were part of some sort of necklace. Today, Rakhigarhi is a small village in Haryana State, India. [27][28] After 2000. the excavation were stopped for years because of a CBI investigation on the misuse of funds. Some of them also had votive pots with Animal remains symbolizing offerings to the dead. The discovery in January of two new mounds at the ancient Harappan site of Rakhigarhi in Haryana, India, now makes it the largest known site of the Harappan (Indus Valley) civilisation, even outdoing the well-known site of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan.. [15] Chautang is a tributary of Sarsuti river which in turn is tributary of Ghaggar river. Pottery with grains of food as well as shell bangles were found around these skeletons. The discovery of two more mounds at the Harappan site of Rakhigarhi in Haryana makes it the biggest excavation site of Harappan civilisation, even bigger than Mohenjo-daro (in Sindh,Pakistan). This area has been under occupation from 5500 BCE which is the Early Harappan phase till 1900 BCE which is the Mature Harappan phase. [9] While the earliest excavation of IVC sites started from Harappa in 1921-1922 and Mohenjo-daro in 1931, the excavations at Rakhigrahi were first carried out in 1969, followed by more excavations in 1997-98, 1998–99 and 1999-2000, and between 2011-16. [29] Much of the findings are donated to the National Museum, New Delhi. * Map showing the Indus Valley Civilization - Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Mehrgarh and Lothal with current countriy boundaries. Rakhigarhi Area of Interest Map Legend Harrapan Mound Archaeological Features (After Nath 1998) Excavated Areas, 1997-98 (Estimated, not to scale) Satellite Imagery August 2nd, 2011, Worldview-2 (© 2012 DigitalGlobe) RGR - 1 RGR - 2 RGR - 3 … Findings include 4,600-year-old human skeletons, fortification and bricks.[9]. An insufficient number of archaeological surveys has been carried out to date on Harappan Civilization cemeteries. [3] Many tools used for polishing these stones and a furnace were found there. [24], In 1963, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) began excavations at this site, and, though little has been published about the excavations. In May 2012, the Global Heritage Fund, declared Rakhigarhi one of the ten most endangered heritage sites in Asia facing the threat of irreparable loss and destruction due to development pressures, insufficient management and looting. Rakhigarhi, Rakhi Garhi (Rakhi Shahpur + Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, situated 150 kilometers to the northwest of Delhi. A granary belonging to mature Harappan phase (2600 BCE to 2000 BCE) has been found here. Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi (Hindi: राखीगढ़ी; Rakhi Shahpur + Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, situated in the north-west about 150 kilometers from Delhi. [25][26], In 1969, Kurukshetra University's team studied and documented the site led by its Dean of Indic studies Dr. Suraj Bhan.[27]. It is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra river plain, some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river.There are many other important archaeological sites in this area, in the old river valley to the east of the Ghaggar Plain. Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. [9], Rakhigarhi, which is an Indus Valley Civilisation site, also has a museum developed by the state government. [52], There is also Haryana Rural Antique Museum 60 km away, which is maintained by CCS HAU in its Gandhi Bhawan, exhibits evolution of agriculture and vanishing antiques. Pits surrounded by walls have been found, which are thought to be for sacrificial or some religious ceremonies. [11]:293, So far 53 burial sites with 46 skeletons have been discovered. Rakhigarhi, Rakhi Garhi (Rakhi Shahpur + Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, situated 150 kilometers to the northwest of Delhi. ± Rakhigarhi, Rakhi Garhi (Rakhi Shahpur + Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, situated 150 kilometers to the northwest of Delhi.It is the site of a pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement going back to about 6500 BCE. "[18], Based on his 1997 and 2000 excavations, Amarendra Nath reported that the site covers more than 300 hectares (3.0 km2) in size with 7 mounds, five of which were contiguous. 80% of mound 6 – a residential site of Harappan Era and 7 which is a burial site where 4 human skeletons were recovered in 2015 have been destroyed due to cultivation and soil mining. It is the site of a pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement going back to about 6500 BCE. We also know that everyone enjoyed equal sta… [43][48] A total of 61 skeletons were found till 2016. [11]:333 An impressive number of stamps seals were also found at this site. There are brick lined drains to handle sewage from the houses. 6230 Shinde and the Rakhigari", "Rakhigarhi likely to be developed into a world heritage site", "Can Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley Civilisation site be saved? Some graves are just pits while some are brick lined and contain pottery. [53] Jahaj Kothi Museum, named after George Thomas, is located inside Firoz Shah Palace Complex and maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.[54]. Rakhigarhi is the largest Harappan site in the … [9], On February 2020, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that the site of Rakhigarhi would be developed as an iconic site. Flat Fee MLS Albuquerque. Terracotta statues, weights, bronze artifacts, comb, copper fish hooks, needles and terracotta seals have also been found. Latitude: 29° 10' 7.20" NLongitude: 76° 04' 7.20" E, Satellite map of Rakhigarhi in Google Maps. ", "Pune: Deccan college professor Dr. V.S. A gold foundry with about 3000 unpolished semi-precious stones has been found. It is the only place which has the remains of early, mature and late phase of Indus Valley Civilisation at the same location text. It is nearer to Delhi than other major sites, indicating the spread of the Indus Valley Civilization east across North India. From 2011-16, Deccan College carried out several substantial excavations led by its then Vice Chancellor and an archaeologist Dr. Vasant Shinde, several members of the team published their findings in various academic journals. [5][6][7][23] The ASI's detailed excavation of the site revealed the size of the lost city and recovered numerous artefacts, some over 5,000 years old. [18], Prior to the detailed studies and excavations, some scholars, including Raymond Allchin and Rita P. Wright, believed the site to be only between 80 hectares and 100+ hectares in area. 320 It is situated on the dry bed of the Sarasvati river, which is believed to have once flown through this place and dried up by 2000 BC. Location -: Village-Rakhigarhi, Tehsil-Hansi, District : Hisar Situation -: Villages of Rakhikhas & Rakhishahpur Under protection of -: Government of India Period -: Circa 2600-1800 BC (Harappa Culture) History and description -: The site of Rakhigarh is one of the five known biggest townships of Harappan civilization on Indian sub-continent. The scientific paper on the DNA analysis of the Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi claims that there was no Aryan invasion and no Aryan migration and that all the developments right from the hunting-gathering stage to modern times in South Asia were done by indigenous people. These skeletons belonged to two male adults, one female adult and one child. A bronze vessel has been found which is decorated with gold and silver. [14], According to Jane McIntosh, Rakhigarhi is located in the valley of the prehistoric Drishadvati River that originated in Siwalik Hills. Weights found here are similar to weights found at many other IVC sites confirming presence of standardized weight systems. Digging so far reveals a well planned city with 1.92 m wide roads, a bit wider than in Kalibangan. 110 Rakhigarhi is an ideal candidate to believe that the beginning of the Harappan civilisation took place in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and it gradually grew from here. [13], There are many other important archaeological sites in this area, in the old river valley to the east of the Ghaggar Plain. [5], Parts of mounds R4 and R5 have been encroached by the villagers who have built 152 houses. Geocode Utilities Map of Rakhigarhi Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi(Hindi: राखीगढ़ी; Rakhi Shahpur+ Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, situated in the north-west about 150 kilometers from Delhi. and It is a punishable crime to sell or buy artifacts found in the ancient sites. Over the course of the past three seasons (2013 to 2016), … 4470 Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi (Rakhi Shahpur + Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the northwest Indian state of Haryana, around 150 kilometers from Delhi. {\displaystyle 6420\pm 110} 320 What emerges is a remarkable parallel in the prehistory of South Asia and Northern Europe as populations from the steppe advanced into both subcontinents. [5][49] A 2012 study by the Sunday Times, found that the site is not being looked after; the iron boundary wall is broken, and villagers sell the artefacts they dig out of the site and parts of site are now being encroached by private houses. (pic via Twitter) The much-awaited DNA study of the skeletal remains found at the Harappan site of Rakhigarhi, Haryana, shows no Central […] Only 5% of the site had been excavated,[9] much of the area is yet to be excavated[10] and published.[11]:215. [citation needed] Jewellery, including bangles made from terracotta, conch shells, gold, and semi-precious stones, have also been found. [10] Different type of grave pits were undercut to form an earthen overhang and body was placed below this; and then top of grave was filled with bricks to form a roof structure over the grave. Analysis of Human aDNA obtained from human bones as well as analysis of parasite and animal DNA will be done to assert origins of these people.[36][37]. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The dna of a male skeleton(classified as 'I4411') shows affinity with present-day South Indian tribal populations, most notably the Irula people. Until now, Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan was considered the largest among the 2,000 Harappan sites known to exist in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. This warm abode of Rakhigarhi is a delightful place to visit in India. years before present, converted to {\displaystyle 6230\pm 320} Rakhigarhi, in Haryana, India, has been determined just this week to be the largest–ever IVC site. 4280 6420 Mound RGR-6 revealed a Pre-formative stage designated as Sothi Phase with the following two datings: [30][31], In 2014 six radiocarbon datings from excavations at Rakhigarhi between 1997 and 2000 were published, corresponding to the three periods at the site as per archaeologist Amarendra Nath (Pre-formative, Early Harappan, and Mature Harappan). This study, based on the ancient DNA of a woman who lived in the Harappan site of Rakhigarhi … Looking at the size, it appears to be a public granary or a private granary of elites. Recent populations are marked in crosses and circles. Why in News. Rakhigarhi’s rise as a site of ancient curiosity has disrupted the villager’s life to an extent. [38][9] As the skeletons were excavated scientifically without any contamination, archaeologists think that with the help of latest technology on these skeletons and DNA obtained,[39] it is possible to determine how Harappans looked like 4500 years ago. [40] Shinde et al. Rakhigarhi is a key site in the Indus Valley civilisation, which ruled a more than 1m sq km swath of the Asian subcontinent during the bronze age and was as … Granary is made up of mud-bricks with a floor of ramped earth plastered with mud. There is no proof found that there existed a central ruling authority like king or emperor for any of these civilizations. [33], Fire altars and apsidal structures were revealed in Rakhigarhi. [14], Findings confirm both early and mature Harappan phases. The Rakhigarhi findings build on earlier work by some of the same researchers revealing the story of population migrations from the Eurasian steppe at the close of the Indus Valley Civilisation. [34][35], Parasite eggs which were once existed in the stomach of those buried were found in the burial sites along with human skeletons. [3] The site is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra River plain,[4] some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river. [2]Later, it was also part of the mature Indus Valley Civilisation, dating to 2600-1900 BCE. ± The ASI has been able to get under its control just 83.5 acres of the 350-hectare site that spans 11 mounds, after first taking over the site in 1996, … Often brick covered grave pits had wooden coffin in one case. Rakhigarhi is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, around 150 kilometers from Delhi.Spread over 350 hectares, this nondescript village is biggest Indus valley Civilisation site in the world, a city that was much larger and more ancient than Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro sites. After your splendid visit to Rakhigarhi, you can proceed to an important near-by city of Delhi.Take a short trip from Rakhigarhi and set some time aside to explore the Delhi.Dotted with places like Qutub Minar, Red Fort, India Gate And Rajpath; it will definitely be a good idea. Near the heads of these skeletons, utensils for everyday use were kept. One case in point is the necropolis at Rakhigarhi site (Haryana, India), one of the largest cities of the Harappan Civilization, where most burials within the cemetery remained uninvestigated. [8] In 2014-15, joint excavations conducted by the Haryana Archaeological Department, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute and Seoul National University identified two more mounds of 25 hectares each, which raised the total number of mounds to nine from RGR-1 to RGR-9 with a total site size of 350 hectares (3.5 km2), thus making it the largest Indus Valley Civilization site.[6][7][1]. Rakhigarhi encompasses a set of 11 mounds with a confirmed size in excess of 350 hectares, according to the Global Heritage Fund Rakhigarhi is the largest and oldest Indus sites in the world. Rakhigarhi hit the headlines when the DNA extracted from a woman who lived in the village around 4,500 years ago yielded clues to the ancestry of ancient Indians. It has 7 rectangular or square chambers. Archaeological findings and scientific data have indicated that Rakhigarhi had been the more important centre of the Indus Valley Civilisation than the townships of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro located in Pakistan.. Excavations and the study of the findings have unfolded a rich past: engraving, cutting, or polishing of stones and gems was the most developed handicraft in Rakhigarhi… Sex detection of 17 skeletons was successful out of which 7 were male and 10 female skeletons. Atypical burials had skeletons in a prone position. A genome from the Indus Valley Civilization is from a population that is the largest source for South Asians. Results announced in September 2018, and a paper published in cell magazine in 2019, show that the dna did not include any traces of steppe ancestry, in line with the Aryan migration theory, which says that Indo-Aryans migrated into India after the Harappan times. The Harappan or Indus Valley Civilisation is one of the three oldest urban civilisations, along with Egypt and … However similarity in architecture , culture and other social similarities suggest that there was a central administration which used to take care of these decisions and their implementation. Location. RGR-1 to RGR-3, RGR6 to RGR9 and some part of RGR-4 are available for excavations. The three female skeletons have shell bangles on their left wrists. [2] Later, it was also part of the mature Indus Valley Civilisation, dating to 2600-1900 BCE. Paleo-parasitical studies and DNA analysis to determine the lineage is being undertaken. [9] The ASI has only 83.5 acres of the 350-hectare site that entails 11 archaeological mounds, due to encroachments and pending court cases for the removal of the encroachments. The pottery is similar to Kalibangan and Banawali. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham, Ch. 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