Thus. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid. The impure liquid metal is evaporated to obtain the pure metal as distillate. The impure metal is dissolved in a suitable solvent and the solution is allowed to run slowly into an adsorbent column packed with alumina (Al 2 O 3). Elements which have low chemical reactivity or noble metals having least electropositive character are not attacked by oxygen. Common method of extraction Electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten Na3A1F6(neutral flux). (iii) Zone-refining This method is based upon the principle of fractional crystallisation, i.e., difference in solubilities of impurities in molten and solid state of metal. These are then eluted with suitable eluent (solvent). (Kb for water = 0.512 kg mol-1), Boiling points of solution = Tb = 100.180C = 373.18 K, Boiling point of water (solvent) =  = 100.00° C = 373 KElevation in boiling point =   - Tb, Observed boiling point = 373.18 K - 373 K = 0.18 K. Which one of  is not likely to exist and why? It is decomposed at high temperature giving pure nickel. It is based upon the phenomenon of electrolysis. The roasted or the calcined ore is then converted to the free metal by reduction. etc. More the negative value of ΔG, the higher is the reducing power of an element. (v) Chromatographic method Adsorption chromatography is generally used. Cu, Fe, Zn, Sn, etc .. are extracted by this method. When an electrolyte is added to the colloidal solution, the particles of the sol take up the ion which is oppositely charged and thus get neutralised. This method is commonly used for oxide ores such as haematite, tin stone and native orcs of Au, Ag, etc. Thus, all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores. These elements, therefore, occur in the free state or in the native state, e.g., Au, Ag, Pt, S, O, N, noble gases, etc. This slag is insoluble in the molten metal and is lighter than the molten metal. In the extraction of Cu and Fe, the slag obtained are respectively FeSiO3 and CaSiO3. Reduction method depends upon the activity of metal. Chapter 24 Metals and Metallurgy Chemistry A Molecular Approach Topics. Following are the three methods by which coagulation of lyophobic sols can be carried out. On passing electricity, the pure metal gets deposited on the cathode while the insoluble impurities settle down below the anode as anode mud or anode sludge. This method of concentration is employed when either the ore or the lmpurities associated with it are magnetic in nature. The lighter impurities are washed away. Delhi 2013) Answer: Zone refining: It is based on the principle that the impurities are more soluble in molten state than in the solid state of the metal. 4. What is meant by coagulation of a colloidal solution? This process is commonly used for sulphide ores and is carried out in blast furnace or reverberatory furnace. TiCl4 + 2Mg → 2MgCl2 + Ti (Kroll’s process). Risk reduction Note the following problems especially: In refining - where there have been high exposures to complex nickel compounds - and these could … Then, the obtained nickel tetracarbonyl is decomposed by subjecting it to a higher temperature (450 - 470 K) to obtain pure nickel … During smelting a substance. Pb, Hg, Bi) than the impurities, The impure metal is placed on the sloping hearth and is gently heated. vi) Electrolytic reduction or electrometallurgy It is the process of extracting highly electropositive (active) metals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, etc by electrolysis of their oxides, hydroxides or chlorides in fused state, e.g., Mg is prepared by the electrolysis of fused salt of MgCl2 (Dow’s process). 2. The sulphide ore is heated in a supply of air at 770-970 K when the metal sulphide is partially oxidised to form its oxide or sulphate which then reacts with the remaining sulphide to give the metal. from the ore is known as ore concentration, ore dressing or ore benefaction. It has slightly lower carbon content (about 3%) and is extremely hard and brittle. In step 1, syngas, which is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, is added to the nickel. Mond process for refining of Nickel is based on the principle that nickel is heated in the presence of carbon monoxide to form nickel tetracarbonyl, which is a volatile copound. The furnaces used in calcination and roasting employ refractory materials which resist high temperature and do not become soft. Ltd. Acidic flux For basic impurities, acidic flux is added. Collectors It increasesthe non-wettability of ore particles by water, e.g., pine oils, xanthates and fatty acids. 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